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如何使用CSS元素规范化网页结构

CSS(层叠样式表)是前端领域中非常重要的一部分,它可以解耦网页结构和样式,使得前端开发和维护变得更加高效。然而,在实际开发中,为了保持网页的一致性和可维护性,我们需要对网页元素进行规范化。在本文中,我们将介绍如何使用CSS元素规范化网页结构。

一、清除默认样式

在CSS中,每个元素都有其默认的样式,这些默认样式可能会影响我们网页的展示效果。因此,在开始开发之前,我们首先需要清除默认样式。以下是一种常见的清除默认样式的方式:

*{
    margin: 0;
    padding: 0;
    box-sizing: border-box;
    font-size: 14px;
    font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;
}

以上代码中,我们使用通配符(*)选择网页中的所有元素,并将其margin和padding设置为0,box-sizing设置为border-box(使得边框不会撑开元素),font-size设置为14px,font-family设置为Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif。这样可以清除大部分网页元素的默认样式。

二、统一字体样式

网页中大量使用文本,统一字体样式可以使得网页看起来更加整洁和美观。以下是一个字体样式的示例:

body{
    font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;
    font-size: 14px;
    line-height: 1.5;
    color: #333;
}

以上代码中,我们将整个网页的字体样式设置为Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif,字体大小为14px,行高为1.5,文字颜色为#333。这样可以让网页的文本看起来更加清晰。

三、统一按钮样式

按钮是网页中常见的元素,为了使得网页看起来更加协调,我们可以统一按钮的样式。以下是一个常见的按钮样式示例:

button, input[type="button"], input[type="submit"]{
    padding: 10px 20px;
    background-color: #333;
    color: #fff;
    border: none;
    border-radius: 5px;
    cursor: pointer;
}

以上代码中,我们使用逗号(,)选择button、input[type="button"]、input[type="submit"]三个元素,并将其padding设置为10px 20px,背景颜色设置为#333,文字颜色设置为#fff,边框设置为none,边框半径设置为5px,鼠标样式设置为pointer。这样可以使得网页中的按钮更加协调一致。

四、统一表格样式

表格是网页中常见的元素,使用CSS可以使得表格更加美观和易于阅读。以下是一个表格样式的示例:

table{
    border-collapse: collapse;
    width: 100%;
}

table th, table td{
    padding: 10px;
    text-align: left;
    border: 1px solid #ddd;
}

table th{
    background-color: #f5f5f5;
    font-weight: bold;
}

以上代码中,我们使用border-collapse将表格的边框合并,width设置为100%使得表格占满整个容器。table th, table td选择表格中的所有th和td元素,并将其padding设置为10px,文本居左,边框设置为1px的灰色实线。table th选择表格中的所有th元素,并将其背景颜色设置为#f5f5f5,字体加粗。这样可以使得网页中的表格更加美丽易于阅读。

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when-present<#else>when-missing. (These only cover the last step of the expression; to cover the whole expression, use parenthesis: (myOptionalVar.foo)!myDefault, (myOptionalVar.foo)?? ---- ---- FTL stack trace ("~" means nesting-related): - Failed at: ${item.id} [in template "article/detail/index.ftl" at line 48, column 106] ---- Java stack trace (for programmers): ---- freemarker.core.InvalidReferenceException: [... Exception message was already printed; see it above ...] at freemarker.core.InvalidReferenceException.getInstance(InvalidReferenceException.java:134) at freemarker.core.EvalUtil.coerceModelToTextualCommon(EvalUtil.java:481) at freemarker.core.EvalUtil.coerceModelToStringOrMarkup(EvalUtil.java:401) at freemarker.core.EvalUtil.coerceModelToStringOrMarkup(EvalUtil.java:370) at freemarker.core.DollarVariable.calculateInterpolatedStringOrMarkup(DollarVariable.java:104) at freemarker.core.DollarVariable.accept(DollarVariable.java:63) at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:371) at freemarker.core.IteratorBlock$IterationContext.executedNestedContentForCollOrSeqListing(IteratorBlock.java:321) at freemarker.core.IteratorBlock$IterationContext.executeNestedContent(IteratorBlock.java:271) at freemarker.core.IteratorBlock$IterationContext.accept(IteratorBlock.java:244) at freemarker.core.Environment.visitIteratorBlock(Environment.java:645) at freemarker.core.IteratorBlock.acceptWithResult(IteratorBlock.java:108) at freemarker.core.IteratorBlock.accept(IteratorBlock.java:94) at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:335) at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:341) at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:341) at freemarker.core.Environment.process(Environment.java:314) at freemarker.template.Template.process(Template.java:383) at org.springframework.web.servlet.view.freemarker.FreeMarkerView.processTemplate(FreeMarkerView.java:332) at org.springframework.web.servlet.view.freemarker.FreeMarkerView.doRender(FreeMarkerView.java:266) at org.springframework.web.servlet.view.freemarker.FreeMarkerView.renderMergedTemplateModel(FreeMarkerView.java:220) at org.springframework.web.servlet.view.AbstractTemplateView.renderMergedOutputModel(AbstractTemplateView.java:181) at org.springframework.web.servlet.view.AbstractView.render(AbstractView.java:314) at org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet.render(DispatcherServlet.java:1431) at org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet.processDispatchResult(DispatcherServlet.java:1167) at org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet.doDispatch(DispatcherServlet.java:1106) at org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet.doService(DispatcherServlet.java:979) at org.springframework.web.servlet.FrameworkServlet.processRequest(FrameworkServlet.java:1014) at org.springframework.web.servlet.FrameworkServlet.doGet(FrameworkServlet.java:903) at jakarta.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:564) at org.springframework.web.servlet.FrameworkServlet.service(FrameworkServlet.java:885) at jakarta.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:658) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:205) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:149) at org.apache.tomcat.websocket.server.WsFilter.doFilter(WsFilter.java:51) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:174) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:149) at com.software.filter.HttpSpiderIdentifyFilter.doFilter(HttpSpiderIdentifyFilter.java:51) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:174) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:149) at org.springframework.web.filter.RequestContextFilter.doFilterInternal(RequestContextFilter.java:100) at org.springframework.web.filter.OncePerRequestFilter.doFilter(OncePerRequestFilter.java:116) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:174) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:149) at org.springframework.web.filter.FormContentFilter.doFilterInternal(FormContentFilter.java:93) at org.springframework.web.filter.OncePerRequestFilter.doFilter(OncePerRequestFilter.java:116) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:174) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:149) at org.springframework.web.filter.CharacterEncodingFilter.doFilterInternal(CharacterEncodingFilter.java:201) at org.springframework.web.filter.OncePerRequestFilter.doFilter(OncePerRequestFilter.java:116) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:174) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:149) at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardWrapperValve.invoke(StandardWrapperValve.java:167) at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardContextValve.invoke(StandardContextValve.java:90) at org.apache.catalina.authenticator.AuthenticatorBase.invoke(AuthenticatorBase.java:482) at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardHostValve.invoke(StandardHostValve.java:115) at org.apache.catalina.valves.ErrorReportValve.invoke(ErrorReportValve.java:93) at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardEngineValve.invoke(StandardEngineValve.java:74) at org.apache.catalina.connector.CoyoteAdapter.service(CoyoteAdapter.java:340) at org.apache.coyote.http11.Http11Processor.service(Http11Processor.java:391) at org.apache.coyote.AbstractProcessorLight.process(AbstractProcessorLight.java:63) at org.apache.coyote.AbstractProtocol$ConnectionHandler.process(AbstractProtocol.java:896) at org.apache.tomcat.util.net.NioEndpoint$SocketProcessor.doRun(NioEndpoint.java:1744) at org.apache.tomcat.util.net.SocketProcessorBase.run(SocketProcessorBase.java:52) at java.base/java.lang.VirtualThread.run(VirtualThread.java:309)