Matlab GUI界面设计

Matlab是一款全面的数学计算软件，具有强大的开发功能。Matlab GUI界面设计是Matlab的一个重要组成部分，它可以方便地实现用户界面的设计和交互，并能够利用Matlab自身的数学计算和绘图功能，将计算结果以图形的形式显示出来。

一、创建GUI界面

创建GUI界面是Matlab GUI设计的第一步。可以在Matlab命令行窗口中输入“guide”命令打开“GUI设计器”，然后选择创建新的GUI。在GUI设计器的界面中，可以按照自己的需求添加各种控件，并设置控件的属性。

function varargout = gui_example(varargin)
% GUI_EXAMPLE MATLAB code for gui_example.fig
%      GUI_EXAMPLE, by itself, creates a new GUI_EXAMPLE or raises the existing
%      singleton*.
%
%      H = GUI_EXAMPLE returns the handle to a new GUI_EXAMPLE or the handle to
%      the existing singleton*.
%
%      GUI_EXAMPLE('CALLBACK',hObject,eventData,handles,...) calls the local
%      function named CALLBACK in GUI_EXAMPLE.M with the given input arguments.
%
%      GUI_EXAMPLE('Property','Value',...) creates a new GUI_EXAMPLE or raises the
%      existing singleton*.  Starting from the left, property value pairs are
%      applied to the GUI before gui_example_OpeningFcn gets called.  An
%      unrecognized property name or invalid value makes property application
%      stop.  All inputs are passed to gui_example_OpeningFcn via varargin.
%
%      *See GUI Options on GUIDE's Tools menu.  Choose "GUI allows only one
%      instance to run (singleton)".
%
% See also: GUIDE, GUIDATA, GUIHANDLES

% Edit the above text to modify the response to help gui_example

% Last Modified by GUIDE v2.5 21-Jan-2022 11:58:24

% Begin initialization code - DO NOT EDIT
gui_Singleton = 1;
gui_State = struct('gui_Name',       mfilename, ...
                   'gui_Singleton',  gui_Singleton, ...
                   'gui_OpeningFcn', @gui_example_OpeningFcn, ...
                   'gui_OutputFcn',  @gui_example_OutputFcn, ...
                   'gui_LayoutFcn',  [] , ...
                   'gui_Callback',   []);
if nargin && ischar(varargin{1})
    gui_State.gui_Callback = str2func(varargin{1});
end

if nargout
    [varargout{1:nargout}] = gui_mainfcn(gui_State, varargin{:});
else
    gui_mainfcn(gui_State, varargin{:});
end
% End initialization code - DO NOT EDIT

% --- Executes just before gui_example is made visible.
function gui_example_OpeningFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles, varargin)
% This function has no output args, see OutputFcn.
% hObject    handle to figure
% eventdata  reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles    structure with handles and user data (see GUIDATA)
% varargin   command line arguments to gui_example (see VARARGIN)

% Choose default command line output for gui_example
handles.output = hObject;

% Update handles structure
guidata(hObject, handles);

% UIWAIT makes gui_example wait for user response (see UIRESUME)
% uiwait(handles.fig);

% --- Outputs from this function are returned to the command line.
function varargout = gui_example_OutputFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles) 
% varargout  cell array for returning output args (see VARARGOUT);
% hObject    handle to figure
% eventdata  reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles    structure with handles and user data (see GUIDATA)

% Get default command line output from handles structure
varargout{1} = handles.output;

二、控件设计

在GUI界面中添加控件是Matlab GUI设计的重要部分。控件可以是按钮、文本框、列表框、下拉列表框等各种类型的控件，在添加控件时，可以通过设置控件的属性来达到自己的需求。

handles.text1.String = 'Hello, Matlab GUI!';   % 文本框
handles.edit1.String = 'MATLAB';               % 文本编辑框 
handles.popupmenu1.String = {'Option 1','Option 2','Option 3'}; % 下拉菜单
handles.checkbox1.Value = 1;                   % 复选框
handles.radiobutton1.Value = 1;                % 单选按钮

三、控件回调函数设计

在GUI界面中添加控件时，还需要设计控件的回调函数，当用户与控件进行交互时，可以调用回调函数来完成相应的操作。回调函数可以是Matlab自带的函数，也可以是用户自己编写的函数。

function pushbutton1_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject    handle to pushbutton1 (see GCBO)
% eventdata  reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles    structure with handles and user data (see GUIDATA)

% 打开文件
[filename, pathname] = uigetfile({'*.*';'*.jpg';'*.png';'*.bmp'},'选择文件');
if isequal(filename,0) || isequal(pathname,0)
    return;
end
img = imread(fullfile(pathname,filename));  % 读取图片
axes(handles.axes1);                        % 显示图片
imshow(img);

function pushbutton2_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject    handle to pushbutton2 (see GCBO)
% eventdata  reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles    structure with handles and user data (see GUIDATA)

% 修改文本框内容
handles.edit1.String = 'GUI Example';

四、事件处理和消息传递

Matlab GUI设计中，事件处理和消息传递也是重要的部分。当用户与GUI界面交互时，会发生各种事件，Matlab需要进行相应的处理。比如，当用户点击某个按钮时，Matlab需要执行该按钮的相应回调函数。还可以通过消息传递机制，在不同界面之间传递消息。

function figure1_KeyPressFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject    handle to figure1 (see GCBO)
% eventdata  structure with the following fields (see MATLAB.UI.FIGURE)
%	Key: name of the key that was pressed, in lower case
%	Character: character interpretation of the key(s) that was pressed
%	Modifier: name(s) of the modifier key(s) (i.e., control, shift) pressed
% handles    structure with handles and user data (see GUIDATA)

% 处理键盘事件
if strcmp(eventdata.Key,'escape')
    close(hObject);
end

function message_send(hObject, eventdata, handles, message)
% 传递消息
setappdata(0, 'message', message);

五、GUI界面美化

Matlab GUI界面设计中，对界面进行美化也是非常重要的一步。可以修改控件的背景颜色和文字大小等属性，还可以使用Matlab自带的皮肤和工具栏来美化界面。

set(handles.text1, 'FontSize', 12, 'BackgroundColor', [0.8 0.8 0.8]);
set(handles.edit1, 'FontSize', 12);
set(handles.pushbutton1, 'BackgroundColor', [0.5 1.0 0.5]);
set(handles.popupmenu1, 'FontSize', 12, 'BackgroundColor', [0.8 0.8 0.8]);

结语

到这里，我们就介绍了Matlab GUI界面设计的几个方面，包括GUI界面的创建，控件设计，控件回调函数设计，事件处理和消息传递，还有GUI界面美化等等。Matlab GUI界面设计需要不断地实践和探索，才能更好地掌握其中的技巧和方法。