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Vue 3 改善 Web 性能和用户体验

一、更小、更快的代码

在 Vue 3 中,为了获得更好的性能和更小的包大小,进行了许多优化。一个重要的变化是模板编译器的重构。Vue 3 中重新实现的模板编译器比 Vue 2 中的编译器小得多,因为它使用了更先进的优化技术,如基于树状结构(tree-shaking)和静态分析,以消除无用的代码。

<template>
  <div>
    <p>Hello {{ name }}!</p>
  </div>
</template>

<script>
import { ref } from 'vue'
export default {
  setup() {
    const name = ref('Vue 3')
    return {
      name
    }
  }
}
</script>

上述代码示例中,我们可以看到如何使用ref创建一个简单的响应式变量,并在模板中使用这个变量来更新视图。由于编译器的优化,这段代码可以最终编译为非常小的 JavaScript 代码。

二、更好的 TypeScript 支持

Vue 3 内置了对 TypeScript 的支持。与 Vue 2 不同,Vue 3 中的 API 设计具有更好的类型推理,这使得编写类型安全的代码变得更加容易。例如,Vue 3 中的组件选项对象具有完全类型化定义,并且支持用 TypeScript 编写原始模板和插槽代码。

<template>
  <slot name="header" :title="title">
    <p>Fallback content</p>
  </slot>
</template>

<script lang="ts">
import { defineComponent, Slot } from 'vue'

interface Props {
  title: string
  content: string
}

export default defineComponent({
  props: {
    title: {
      type: String,
      required: true
    },
    content: {
      type: String,
      default: ''
    }
  },
  setup(props, { slots }: { slots: { header?: Slot } }) {
    return {
      slots
    }
  }
})
</script>

上述代码示例中,我们可以看到如何使用 TypeScript 来定义组件选项对象、props 和 slots。实现了类型化,以确保在组件中调用模板和插槽时,props 和 slots 中的变量都有自己的类型定义。

三、更好的响应式 API

Vue 3 中的响应式 API 也进行了更新,使其更加灵活和可靠。与 Vue 2 不同,Vue 3 使用了 Proxy API 来实现对响应式数据的监听,而不是使用 Object.defineProperty。这种方式更加可靠,能够捕获更多的操作,如添加/删除属性和数组元素。此外,Vue 3 也添加了一些新的响应式 API,如shallowReactiveshallowRef,这两个 API 可以更高效地处理大型数据。

<template>
  <div>
    <p>My name is {{ user.name }}.</p>
    <p>I am {{ age }} years old.</p>
  </div>
</template>

<script>
import { reactive, ref, watch } from 'vue'
export default {
  setup() {
    const user = reactive({
      name: 'John Doe',
      age: 23
    })
    const age = ref(user.age)
    watch(age, (newAge) => {
      user.age = newAge
    })
    return {
      user,
      age
    }
  }
}
</script>

上述代码示例中,我们可以看到如何使用reactiveref创建响应式数据。我们还使用watch函数来监视age变量的变化,并在变化发生时更新user对象中的age属性。

四、更好的性能优化

Vue 3 中的性能也进行了改善。一个重要的变化是新的组件实例化机制。Vue 3 使用了 Proxy API 来代替旧的 defineProperty,这样可以更加高效地跟踪属性的变化。Vue 3 还为编译器添加了一些新特性,如静态提升和源代码映射。这些新特性使得生成的代码更加高效,可以更好地被浏览器和其他 JavaScript 引擎处理。

<template>
  <button @click="increment">{{ count }}</button>
</template>

<script>
import { reactive } from 'vue'

export default {
  setup() {
    const state = reactive({
      count: 0
    })
    function increment() {
      state.count++
    }
    return {
      ...state,
      increment
    }
  }
}
</script>

上述代码示例中,我们可以看到一个使用响应式数据的简单计数器组件。由于 Vue 3 的性能更加高效,这个组件可以非常快速地监视状态的变化,并在按钮点击时更新视图。

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when-present<#else>when-missing. (These only cover the last step of the expression; to cover the whole expression, use parenthesis: (myOptionalVar.foo)!myDefault, (myOptionalVar.foo)?? ---- ---- FTL stack trace ("~" means nesting-related): - Failed at: ${item.id} [in template "article/detail/index.ftl" at line 48, column 106] ---- Java stack trace (for programmers): ---- freemarker.core.InvalidReferenceException: [... Exception message was already printed; see it above ...] at freemarker.core.InvalidReferenceException.getInstance(InvalidReferenceException.java:134) at freemarker.core.EvalUtil.coerceModelToTextualCommon(EvalUtil.java:481) at freemarker.core.EvalUtil.coerceModelToStringOrMarkup(EvalUtil.java:401) at freemarker.core.EvalUtil.coerceModelToStringOrMarkup(EvalUtil.java:370) at freemarker.core.DollarVariable.calculateInterpolatedStringOrMarkup(DollarVariable.java:104) at freemarker.core.DollarVariable.accept(DollarVariable.java:63) at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:371) at freemarker.core.IteratorBlock$IterationContext.executedNestedContentForCollOrSeqListing(IteratorBlock.java:321) at freemarker.core.IteratorBlock$IterationContext.executeNestedContent(IteratorBlock.java:271) at freemarker.core.IteratorBlock$IterationContext.accept(IteratorBlock.java:244) at freemarker.core.Environment.visitIteratorBlock(Environment.java:645) at freemarker.core.IteratorBlock.acceptWithResult(IteratorBlock.java:108) at freemarker.core.IteratorBlock.accept(IteratorBlock.java:94) at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:335) at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:341) at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:341) at freemarker.core.Environment.process(Environment.java:314) at freemarker.template.Template.process(Template.java:383) at org.springframework.web.servlet.view.freemarker.FreeMarkerView.processTemplate(FreeMarkerView.java:332) at org.springframework.web.servlet.view.freemarker.FreeMarkerView.doRender(FreeMarkerView.java:266) at org.springframework.web.servlet.view.freemarker.FreeMarkerView.renderMergedTemplateModel(FreeMarkerView.java:220) at org.springframework.web.servlet.view.AbstractTemplateView.renderMergedOutputModel(AbstractTemplateView.java:181) at org.springframework.web.servlet.view.AbstractView.render(AbstractView.java:314) at org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet.render(DispatcherServlet.java:1431) at org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet.processDispatchResult(DispatcherServlet.java:1167) at org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet.doDispatch(DispatcherServlet.java:1106) at org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet.doService(DispatcherServlet.java:979) at org.springframework.web.servlet.FrameworkServlet.processRequest(FrameworkServlet.java:1014) at org.springframework.web.servlet.FrameworkServlet.doGet(FrameworkServlet.java:903) at jakarta.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:564) at org.springframework.web.servlet.FrameworkServlet.service(FrameworkServlet.java:885) at jakarta.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:658) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:205) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:149) at org.apache.tomcat.websocket.server.WsFilter.doFilter(WsFilter.java:51) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:174) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:149) at com.software.filter.HttpSpiderIdentifyFilter.doFilter(HttpSpiderIdentifyFilter.java:51) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:174) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:149) at org.springframework.web.filter.RequestContextFilter.doFilterInternal(RequestContextFilter.java:100) at org.springframework.web.filter.OncePerRequestFilter.doFilter(OncePerRequestFilter.java:116) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:174) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:149) at org.springframework.web.filter.FormContentFilter.doFilterInternal(FormContentFilter.java:93) at org.springframework.web.filter.OncePerRequestFilter.doFilter(OncePerRequestFilter.java:116) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:174) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:149) at org.springframework.web.filter.CharacterEncodingFilter.doFilterInternal(CharacterEncodingFilter.java:201) at org.springframework.web.filter.OncePerRequestFilter.doFilter(OncePerRequestFilter.java:116) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:174) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:149) at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardWrapperValve.invoke(StandardWrapperValve.java:167) at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardContextValve.invoke(StandardContextValve.java:90) at org.apache.catalina.authenticator.AuthenticatorBase.invoke(AuthenticatorBase.java:482) at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardHostValve.invoke(StandardHostValve.java:115) at org.apache.catalina.valves.ErrorReportValve.invoke(ErrorReportValve.java:93) at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardEngineValve.invoke(StandardEngineValve.java:74) at org.apache.catalina.connector.CoyoteAdapter.service(CoyoteAdapter.java:340) at org.apache.coyote.http11.Http11Processor.service(Http11Processor.java:391) at org.apache.coyote.AbstractProcessorLight.process(AbstractProcessorLight.java:63) at org.apache.coyote.AbstractProtocol$ConnectionHandler.process(AbstractProtocol.java:896) at org.apache.tomcat.util.net.NioEndpoint$SocketProcessor.doRun(NioEndpoint.java:1744) at org.apache.tomcat.util.net.SocketProcessorBase.run(SocketProcessorBase.java:52) at java.base/java.lang.VirtualThread.run(VirtualThread.java:309)