一、基础概念
Linux网络编程涉及到一些基础概念,包括Socket、IP地址、端口等。Socket是Linux网络编程的核心,它是应用程序与网络协议之间的接口,可以进行网络通信。IP地址是网络中唯一标识一个主机的数值地址,通过它可以进行网络通信。而端口是用于标识一个应用程序的地址,只有在同一IP地址下,不同端口的应用程序才能进行通信。
下面是基于Socket的简单TCP服务器端代码示例:
#include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h> #include <sys/types.h> #include <sys/socket.h> #include <netinet/in.h> int main() { // 创建socket int server_socket = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0); // 设置socket运行参数 struct sockaddr_in server_address; server_address.sin_family = AF_INET; server_address.sin_port = htons(9002); server_address.sin_addr.s_addr = INADDR_ANY; // 绑定socket bind(server_socket, (struct sockaddr*)&server_address, sizeof(server_address)); // 监听socket listen(server_socket, 5); // 等待客户端连接 int client_socket = accept(server_socket, NULL, NULL); // 向客户端发送消息 char message[] = "Hello, World!"; send(client_socket, message, sizeof(message), 0); // 关闭socket close(client_socket); close(server_socket); return 0; }
二、套接字编程
Linux网络编程中,套接字编程是最常用的编程方式。套接字编程使用Socket接口,通过系统调用Bind、Listen、Accept、Connect、Recv、Send等方法实现网络通信,包括TCP、UDP、Raw Socket等多种协议。
下面是基于Socket的简单TCP客户端代码示例:
#include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h> #include <sys/types.h> #include <sys/socket.h> #include <netinet/in.h> #include <arpa/inet.h> int main() { // 创建socket int client_socket = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0); // 设置socket运行参数 struct sockaddr_in server_address; server_address.sin_family = AF_INET; server_address.sin_port = htons(9002); inet_pton(AF_INET, "127.0.0.1", &server_address.sin_addr); // 连接服务器 connect(client_socket, (struct sockaddr*)&server_address, sizeof(server_address)); // 接收服务器消息 char message[100]; recv(client_socket, message, 100, 0); // 输出服务器消息 printf("%s\n", message); // 关闭socket close(client_socket); return 0; }
三、网络通信协议
一个网络应用系统中,各个层次之间通信需要遵循不同的协议,包括物理层协议、数据链路层协议、网络层协议、传输层协议和应用层协议。Linux网络编程涉及到的主要协议有TCP/IP协议、UDP协议、ICMP协议、ARP协议等。其中,TCP/IP协议是最常用的网络通信协议,它实现了可靠的数据传输,可以确保数据的正确性。
下面是基于Socket的简单UDP服务器端代码示例:
#include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h> #include <sys/types.h> #include <sys/socket.h> #include <netinet/in.h> #include <arpa/inet.h> int main() { // 创建socket int server_socket = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0); // 设置socket运行参数 struct sockaddr_in server_address; server_address.sin_family = AF_INET; server_address.sin_port = htons(9003); server_address.sin_addr.s_addr = INADDR_ANY; // 绑定socket bind(server_socket, (struct sockaddr*)&server_address, sizeof(server_address)); // 接收客户端消息 char message[100]; struct sockaddr_in client_address; socklen_t client_length = sizeof(client_address); recvfrom(server_socket, message, 100, 0, (struct sockaddr*)&client_address, &client_length); // 输出客户端IP地址及消息内容 printf("Message from [%s]: %s\n", inet_ntoa(client_address.sin_addr), message); // 关闭socket close(server_socket); return 0; }
下面是基于Socket的简单UDP客户端代码示例:
#include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h> #include <sys/types.h> #include <sys/socket.h> #include <netinet/in.h> #include <arpa/inet.h> int main() { // 创建socket int client_socket = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0); // 设置socket运行参数 struct sockaddr_in server_address; server_address.sin_family = AF_INET; server_address.sin_port = htons(9003); server_address.sin_addr.s_addr = inet_addr("127.0.0.1"); // 发送消息到服务器 char message[] = "Hello, server!"; sendto(client_socket, message, sizeof(message), 0, (struct sockaddr*)&server_address, sizeof(server_address)); // 关闭socket close(client_socket); return 0; }
四、多线程网络编程
多线程网络编程是指在一个进程中,启动多个线程来处理网络请求。它可以提高程序并发处理能力,同时也需要注意线程间的同步、互斥等问题。
下面是基于Socket的简单多线程TCP服务器端代码示例:
#include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h> #include <sys/types.h> #include <sys/socket.h> #include <netinet/in.h> #include <pthread.h> void* handle_client(void* arg) { // 接收客户端消息 char message[100]; int client_socket = *((int*)arg); recv(client_socket, message, 100, 0); // 输出客户端消息 printf("%s\n", message); // 向客户端发送消息 char reply[] = "I have received your message!"; send(client_socket, reply, sizeof(reply), 0); // 关闭socket close(client_socket); return NULL; } int main() { // 创建socket int server_socket = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0); // 设置socket运行参数 struct sockaddr_in server_address; server_address.sin_family = AF_INET; server_address.sin_port = htons(9004); server_address.sin_addr.s_addr = INADDR_ANY; // 绑定socket bind(server_socket, (struct sockaddr*)&server_address, sizeof(server_address)); // 监听socket listen(server_socket, 5); // 创建线程处理客户端请求 pthread_t thread_id; while(1) { int client_socket = accept(server_socket, NULL, NULL); pthread_create(&thread_id, NULL, handle_client, &client_socket); } // 关闭socket close(server_socket); return 0; }
五、网络安全编程
Linux网络编程中,网络安全编程是十分重要的内容。网络安全编程主要包括SSL/TLS协议、数字签名、加解密等技术,可以保证网络通信的安全性。
下面是基于SSL/TLS协议的简单TCP服务器端代码示例:
#include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h> #include <sys/types.h> #include <sys/socket.h> #include <netinet/in.h> #include <openssl/ssl.h> #include <openssl/err.h> void init_openssl() { SSL_library_init(); OpenSSL_add_all_algorithms(); SSL_load_error_strings(); } void cleanup_openssl() { ERR_free_strings(); EVP_cleanup(); CRYPTO_cleanup_all_ex_data(); } SSL_CTX* create_context() { const SSL_METHOD* method; SSL_CTX* ctx; method = TLSv1_2_server_method(); ctx = SSL_CTX_new(method); if (!ctx) { perror("Unable to create SSL context"); ERR_print_errors_fp(stderr); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } return ctx; } void configure_context(SSL_CTX* ctx) { SSL_CTX_set_ecdh_auto(ctx, 1); if (SSL_CTX_use_certificate_file(ctx, "cert.pem", SSL_FILETYPE_PEM) <= 0) { ERR_print_errors_fp(stderr); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } if (SSL_CTX_use_PrivateKey_file(ctx, "key.pem", SSL_FILETYPE_PEM) <= 0 ) { ERR_print_errors_fp(stderr); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } } int main() { // 初始化OpenSSL SSL_CTX* ctx; init_openssl(); ctx = create_context(); configure_context(ctx); // 创建socket int server_socket = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0); // 设置socket运行参数 struct sockaddr_in server_address; server_address.sin_family = AF_INET; server_address.sin_port = htons(9005); server_address.sin_addr.s_addr = INADDR_ANY; // 绑定socket bind(server_socket, (struct sockaddr*)&server_address, sizeof(server_address)); // 监听socket listen(server_socket, 5); // 接收客户端连接并进行SSL握手 while(1) { struct sockaddr_in client_address; unsigned int client_length = sizeof(client_address); int client_socket = accept(server_socket, (struct sockaddr*)&client_address, &client_length); SSL* ssl = SSL_new(ctx); SSL_set_fd(ssl, client_socket); if (SSL_accept(ssl) <= 0) { ERR_print_errors_fp(stderr); } else { // 向客户端发送消息 char message[] = "Hello, World!"; SSL_write(ssl, message, sizeof(message)); // 接收客户端消息 char buffer[100]; SSL_read(ssl, buffer, 100); printf("Client message: %s\n", buffer); } // 关闭SSL连接 SSL_shutdown(ssl); SSL_free(ssl); // 关闭socket close(client_socket); } // 关闭socket close(server_socket); // 清理OpenSSL cleanup_openssl(); return 0; }