Python GUI编程之Tkinter入门

图形用户界面（Graphical User Interface，简称GUI）是人与计算机之间产生交互的重要手段，它通过图形化的方式来呈现信息和数据，更加直观的展现计算机应用程序的数据和处理流程。Tkinter是Python语言自带的，用于创建GUI应用的标准Python库。

一、Tkinter的基本使用

1、安装Python以及Tkinter库

>>> # 检查Python版本和是否已安装Tkinter库
>>> import tkinter
>>> tkinter._test()

2、构建GUI应用程序的基本框架

>>> import tkinter as tk

>>> window = tk.Tk() # 创建窗口
>>> window.title('Python GUI应用') # 设置窗口标题
>>> window.geometry('400x300') # 设置窗口大小
>>> window.mainloop() # 运行窗口

3、向窗口中添加控件，比如Label、Button、Entry等等

>>> import tkinter as tk

>>> window = tk.Tk() # 创建窗口
>>> window.title('Python GUI应用') # 设置窗口标题
>>> window.geometry('400x300') # 设置窗口大小

>>> lbl = tk.Label(window, text='Hello, Tkinter!', font=('Arial', 12)) # 添加标签
>>> lbl.pack() # 将标签添加到窗口中并自适应大小

>>> btn = tk.Button(window, text='Click me!', width=10, height=2, command=None) # 添加按钮
>>> btn.pack() # 将按钮添加到窗口中并自适应大小

>>> window.mainloop() # 运行窗口

二、Tkinter的布局管理

1、使用pack方法进行布局

>>> import tkinter as tk

>>> window = tk.Tk() # 创建窗口
>>> window.title('Python GUI应用') # 设置窗口标题
>>> window.geometry('400x300') # 设置窗口大小

>>> lbl1 = tk.Label(window, text='Hello, Tkinter!', font=('Arial', 12)) # 添加标签
>>> lbl1.pack(side='top') # 将标签添加到窗口顶部

>>> lbl2 = tk.Label(window, text='Welcome to Tkinter!', font=('Arial', 12)) # 添加标签
>>> lbl2.pack(side='bottom') # 将标签添加到窗口底部

>>> btn = tk.Button(window, text='Click me!', width=10, height=2, command=None) # 添加按钮
>>> btn.pack(side='left') # 将按钮添加到窗口左侧

>>> window.mainloop() # 运行窗口

2、使用grid方法进行布局

>>> import tkinter as tk

>>> window = tk.Tk() # 创建窗口
>>> window.title('Python GUI应用') # 设置窗口标题
>>> window.geometry('400x300') # 设置窗口大小

>>> for i in range(3):
        for j in range(3):
            tk.Label(window, text='%d,%d' % (i, j), width=10, height=2, bg='white').grid(row=i, column=j)
    tk.mainloop()

三、Tkinter的事件绑定

1、使用command参数进行事件绑定

>>> import tkinter as tk

>>> def show_info():
        print('Hello, Tkinter!')

>>> window = tk.Tk() # 创建窗口
>>> window.title('Python GUI应用') # 设置窗口标题
>>> window.geometry('400x300') # 设置窗口大小

>>> btn = tk.Button(window, text='Click me!', width=10, height=2, command=show_info) # 添加按钮并绑定事件
>>> btn.pack() # 将按钮添加到窗口中并自适应大小

>>> window.mainloop() # 运行窗口

2、使用bind方法进行事件绑定

>>> import tkinter as tk

>>> def show_info(event):
        print('Hello, Tkinter!')

>>> window = tk.Tk() # 创建窗口
>>> window.title('Python GUI应用') # 设置窗口标题
>>> window.geometry('400x300') # 设置窗口大小

>>> lbl = tk.Label(window, text='Hello, Tkinter!', font=('Arial', 12)) # 添加标签
>>> lbl.pack() # 将标签添加到窗口中并自适应大小

>>> lbl.bind('
   ', show_info) # 绑定标签的左键单击事件

>>> window.mainloop() # 运行窗口
   

四、Tkinter的常用控件

1、Label控件：用于展示文本、图片等信息

>>> import tkinter as tk

>>> window = tk.Tk() # 创建窗口
>>> window.title('Python GUI应用') # 设置窗口标题
>>> window.geometry('400x300') # 设置窗口大小

>>> lbl1 = tk.Label(window, text='Hello, Tkinter!')
>>> lbl1.pack()

>>> img = tk.PhotoImage(file='path/to/image.png')
>>> lbl2 = tk.Label(window, image=img)
>>> lbl2.pack()

>>> window.mainloop()

2、Button控件：用于响应用户点击事件

>>> import tkinter as tk

>>> def show_info():
        print('Hello, Tkinter!')

>>> window = tk.Tk() # 创建窗口
>>> window.title('Python GUI应用') # 设置窗口标题
>>> window.geometry('400x300') # 设置窗口大小

>>> btn1 = tk.Button(window, text='Click me!', command=show_info)
>>> btn1.pack()

>>> btn2 = tk.Button(window, text='Exit', command=window.destroy)
>>> btn2.pack()

>>> window.mainloop()

3、Entry控件：用于获取用户输入信息

>>> import tkinter as tk

>>> def show_info():
        print(entry.get())

>>> window = tk.Tk() # 创建窗口
>>> window.title('Python GUI应用') # 设置窗口标题
>>> window.geometry('400x300') # 设置窗口大小

>>> entry = tk.Entry(window)
>>> entry.pack()

>>> btn = tk.Button(window, text='Click me!', command=show_info)
>>> btn.pack()

>>> window.mainloop()

五、Tkinter的样式配置

1、使用config方法进行样式配置

>>> import tkinter as tk

>>> window = tk.Tk() # 创建窗口
>>> window.title('Python GUI应用') # 设置窗口标题
>>> window.geometry('400x300') # 设置窗口大小

>>> lbl = tk.Label(window, text='Hello, Tkinter!')
>>> lbl.config(fg='blue', bg='yellow', font=('Arial', 12))

>>> btn = tk.Button(window, text='Click me!')
>>> btn.config(width=10, height=2, fg='white', bg='green')

>>> entry = tk.Entry(window)
>>> entry.config(width=20, font=('Arial', 12))

>>> window.mainloop()

2、使用style方法进行样式配置

>>> import tkinter as tk
>>> from tkinter import ttk

>>> window = tk.Tk() # 创建窗口
>>> window.title('Python GUI应用') # 设置窗口标题
>>> window.geometry('400x300') # 设置窗口大小

>>> style = ttk.Style()
>>> style.configure('TLabel', foreground='blue', background='yellow', font=('Arial', 12))
>>> style.configure('TButton', width=10, height=2, foreground='white', background='green')
>>> style.configure('TEntry', width=20, font=('Arial', 12))

>>> lbl = ttk.Label(window, text='Hello, Tkinter!')
>>> lbl.pack()

>>> btn = ttk.Button(window, text='Click me!')
>>> btn.pack()

>>> entry = ttk.Entry(window)
>>> entry.pack()

>>> window.mainloop()

六、Tkinter的常用功能

1、消息对话框的使用

>>> import tkinter as tk
>>> from tkinter import messagebox

>>> window = tk.Tk() # 创建窗口
>>> window.title('Python GUI应用') # 设置窗口标题
>>> window.geometry('400x300') # 设置窗口大小

>>> def show_info():
        messagebox.showinfo('消息提示', 'Hello, Tkinter!')

>>> btn = tk.Button(window, text='Click me!', command=show_info)
>>> btn.pack()

>>> window.mainloop()

2、文件对话框的使用

>>> import tkinter as tk
>>> from tkinter import filedialog

>>> window = tk.Tk() # 创建窗口
>>> window.title('Python GUI应用') # 设置窗口标题
>>> window.geometry('400x300') # 设置窗口大小

>>> def open_file():
        file_path = filedialog.askopenfilename(filetypes=[('All Files', '*.*')])
        print(file_path)

>>> btn = tk.Button(window, text='Open file', command=open_file)
>>> btn.pack()

>>> window.mainloop()