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掌握CSS高阶技巧,让你的网站脱颖而出

当我们谈到网站设计时,CSS是必不可少的一部分。通过使用CSS,我们可以控制网页的样式和布局,从而使其更具吸引力。但是,一旦你掌握了基础知识,你需要提升你的CSS技能,以使你的网站更加吸引人。 下面是一些高级CSS技巧,让你的网站脱颖而出。

一、超级选择器

超级选择器是CSS的一种功能,它可以让你更轻松地选择网页中的元素。一般地,我们使用类或ID选择器来选择元素,在复杂的网站中可能会变得非常困难。但是通过使用超级选择器,您可以通过元素类型、位置、属性、甚至它们的父子关系来精确选择元素。

/*通过元素类型来选择元素*/
p {
  color:navy;
}

/*通过属性来选择元素*/
a[href="https://www.example.com"] {
  color:red;
}

/*通过位置来选择元素*/
div:first-child {
  background-color: yellow;
}

/*通过父子关系来选择元素*/
li:nth-child(2n) > a {
  color:green;
}

二、伪类

伪类是CSS的另一种功能,它可以让您在不添加额外标记的情况下,通过标记的状态选择元素。例如,您可以在鼠标悬停在一个链接上时改变其状态。

/*鼠标悬停时改变链接的颜色*/
a:hover {
  color:red;
}

/*在访问后改变链接的颜色*/
a:visited {
  color:blue;
}

/*使元素的第一个字母更大*/
p::first-letter {
  font-size: 200%;
}

三、盒模型

盒模型是CSS中最重要的概念之一,它定义了网页中所有元素的外观和布局。掌握盒模型的基础知识是理解CSS的重要一步。

CSS盒模型由四个部分组成:内容、内边距、边框和外边距。它们共同决定了元素的大小和位置。通过掌握盒模型,您可以更好地控制网站的布局和排版。

/*设置元素的内边距和边框*/
div {
  padding: 10px;
  border: 1px solid black;
}

/*在页面中居中一个元素*/
div {
  margin:auto;
  width:50%;
}

四、层叠和优先级

层叠(也称为“级联”)是CSS的另一种功能,它定义了多个CSS规则之间的优先级。当多个规则同时适用于一个元素时,层叠规则将决定哪个规则会生效。

层叠的优先级由三个元素组成:选择器的特殊性、CSS规则的出现顺序和重要性。虽然这些规则可能看起来很复杂,但它们可以帮助您更好地控制网页的外观。

/*通过ID选择器设置元素的背景颜色*/
#my-div{
  background-color: blue;
}

/*通过类选择器设置元素的背景颜色*/
.my-class {
  background-color: green;
}

/*通过标签选择器设置元素的背景颜色*/
div {
  background-color: yellow;
}

/*设置元素的颜色为红色*/
p {
  color: red !important;
}

五、动画效果

动画效果是使网站更具吸引力的另一个工具。通过运用CSS的动画属性,您可以为网页中的元素添加各种动态效果,例如渐变的颜色和移动的元素。

/*通过CSS渐变动画使元素改变颜色*/
div {
  background: linear-gradient(to bottom right, red, yellow);
  animation: my-animation 5s;
}

@keyframes my-animation {
  0% {
    background: red;
  }
  100% {
    background: blue;
  }
}

/*通过CSS动画移动元素*/
div {
  position: absolute;
  animation: move 5s linear infinite alternate;
}

@keyframes move {
  0% {
    left: 0;
  }
  100% {
    left: 100%;
  }
}

通过掌握这些高级CSS技巧,您可以让您的网站在外观和布局上更自由更灵活,并使其脱颖而出。

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when-present<#else>when-missing. (These only cover the last step of the expression; to cover the whole expression, use parenthesis: (myOptionalVar.foo)!myDefault, (myOptionalVar.foo)?? ---- ---- FTL stack trace ("~" means nesting-related): - Failed at: ${item.id} [in template "article/detail/index.ftl" at line 48, column 106] ---- Java stack trace (for programmers): ---- freemarker.core.InvalidReferenceException: [... Exception message was already printed; see it above ...] at freemarker.core.InvalidReferenceException.getInstance(InvalidReferenceException.java:134) at freemarker.core.EvalUtil.coerceModelToTextualCommon(EvalUtil.java:481) at freemarker.core.EvalUtil.coerceModelToStringOrMarkup(EvalUtil.java:401) at freemarker.core.EvalUtil.coerceModelToStringOrMarkup(EvalUtil.java:370) at freemarker.core.DollarVariable.calculateInterpolatedStringOrMarkup(DollarVariable.java:104) at freemarker.core.DollarVariable.accept(DollarVariable.java:63) at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:371) at freemarker.core.IteratorBlock$IterationContext.executedNestedContentForCollOrSeqListing(IteratorBlock.java:321) at freemarker.core.IteratorBlock$IterationContext.executeNestedContent(IteratorBlock.java:271) at freemarker.core.IteratorBlock$IterationContext.accept(IteratorBlock.java:244) at freemarker.core.Environment.visitIteratorBlock(Environment.java:645) at freemarker.core.IteratorBlock.acceptWithResult(IteratorBlock.java:108) at freemarker.core.IteratorBlock.accept(IteratorBlock.java:94) at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:335) at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:341) at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:341) at freemarker.core.Environment.process(Environment.java:314) at freemarker.template.Template.process(Template.java:383) at org.springframework.web.servlet.view.freemarker.FreeMarkerView.processTemplate(FreeMarkerView.java:332) at org.springframework.web.servlet.view.freemarker.FreeMarkerView.doRender(FreeMarkerView.java:266) at org.springframework.web.servlet.view.freemarker.FreeMarkerView.renderMergedTemplateModel(FreeMarkerView.java:220) at org.springframework.web.servlet.view.AbstractTemplateView.renderMergedOutputModel(AbstractTemplateView.java:181) at org.springframework.web.servlet.view.AbstractView.render(AbstractView.java:314) at org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet.render(DispatcherServlet.java:1431) at org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet.processDispatchResult(DispatcherServlet.java:1167) at org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet.doDispatch(DispatcherServlet.java:1106) at org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet.doService(DispatcherServlet.java:979) at org.springframework.web.servlet.FrameworkServlet.processRequest(FrameworkServlet.java:1014) at org.springframework.web.servlet.FrameworkServlet.doGet(FrameworkServlet.java:903) at jakarta.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:564) at org.springframework.web.servlet.FrameworkServlet.service(FrameworkServlet.java:885) at jakarta.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:658) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:205) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:149) at org.apache.tomcat.websocket.server.WsFilter.doFilter(WsFilter.java:51) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:174) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:149) at com.software.filter.HttpSpiderIdentifyFilter.doFilter(HttpSpiderIdentifyFilter.java:51) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:174) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:149) at org.springframework.web.filter.RequestContextFilter.doFilterInternal(RequestContextFilter.java:100) at org.springframework.web.filter.OncePerRequestFilter.doFilter(OncePerRequestFilter.java:116) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:174) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:149) at org.springframework.web.filter.FormContentFilter.doFilterInternal(FormContentFilter.java:93) at org.springframework.web.filter.OncePerRequestFilter.doFilter(OncePerRequestFilter.java:116) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:174) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:149) at org.springframework.web.filter.CharacterEncodingFilter.doFilterInternal(CharacterEncodingFilter.java:201) at org.springframework.web.filter.OncePerRequestFilter.doFilter(OncePerRequestFilter.java:116) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:174) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:149) at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardWrapperValve.invoke(StandardWrapperValve.java:167) at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardContextValve.invoke(StandardContextValve.java:90) at org.apache.catalina.authenticator.AuthenticatorBase.invoke(AuthenticatorBase.java:482) at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardHostValve.invoke(StandardHostValve.java:115) at org.apache.catalina.valves.ErrorReportValve.invoke(ErrorReportValve.java:93) at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardEngineValve.invoke(StandardEngineValve.java:74) at org.apache.catalina.connector.CoyoteAdapter.service(CoyoteAdapter.java:340) at org.apache.coyote.http11.Http11Processor.service(Http11Processor.java:391) at org.apache.coyote.AbstractProcessorLight.process(AbstractProcessorLight.java:63) at org.apache.coyote.AbstractProtocol$ConnectionHandler.process(AbstractProtocol.java:896) at org.apache.tomcat.util.net.NioEndpoint$SocketProcessor.doRun(NioEndpoint.java:1744) at org.apache.tomcat.util.net.SocketProcessorBase.run(SocketProcessorBase.java:52) at java.base/java.lang.VirtualThread.run(VirtualThread.java:309)