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C++画图的详细阐述

一、基础绘图

绘图是 C++ 程序的重要组成部分之一,C++ 中可以使用 Windows API 或 OpenGL 进行绘图操作。

下面是使用 Windows API 绘制一个简单的正方形的代码:

#include <windows.h>

LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND, UINT, WPARAM, LPARAM);

int WINAPI WinMain(HINSTANCE hInstance, HINSTANCE hPrevInstance,
    PSTR szCmdLine, int iCmdShow)
{
    static TCHAR szAppName[] = TEXT("DrawSquare");
    HWND hwnd;
    MSG msg;
    WNDCLASS wndclass;

    wndclass.style = CS_HREDRAW | CS_VREDRAW;
    wndclass.lpfnWndProc = WndProc;
    wndclass.cbClsExtra = 0;
    wndclass.cbWndExtra = 0;
    wndclass.hInstance = hInstance;
    wndclass.hIcon = LoadIcon(NULL, IDI_APPLICATION);
    wndclass.hCursor = LoadCursor(NULL, IDC_ARROW);
    wndclass.hbrBackground = (HBRUSH)GetStockObject(WHITE_BRUSH);
    wndclass.lpszMenuName = NULL;
    wndclass.lpszClassName = szAppName;

    if (!RegisterClass(&wndclass))
    {
        MessageBox(NULL, TEXT("This program requires Windows NT!"),
            szAppName, MB_ICONERROR);
        return 0;
    }

    hwnd = CreateWindow(szAppName, TEXT("Draw a Square"),
        WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW,
        CW_USEDEFAULT, CW_USEDEFAULT,
        CW_USEDEFAULT, CW_USEDEFAULT,
        NULL, NULL, hInstance, NULL);

    ShowWindow(hwnd, iCmdShow);
    UpdateWindow(hwnd);

    while (GetMessage(&msg, NULL, 0, 0))
    {
        TranslateMessage(&msg);
        DispatchMessage(&msg);
    }

    return msg.wParam;
}

LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND hwnd, UINT message, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam)
{
    static int cxClient, cyClient;

    switch (message)
    {
    case WM_SIZE:
        cxClient = LOWORD(lParam);
        cyClient = HIWORD(lParam);
        return 0;

    case WM_PAINT:
    {
        HDC hdc;
        PAINTSTRUCT ps;
        RECT rect;

        hdc = BeginPaint(hwnd, &ps);

        GetClientRect(hwnd, &rect);
        Rectangle(hdc, cxClient / 4, cyClient / 4, 3 * cxClient / 4, 3 * cyClient / 4);

        EndPaint(hwnd, &ps);
    }
    return 0;

    case WM_DESTROY:
        PostQuitMessage(0);
        return 0;
    }

    return DefWindowProc(hwnd, message, wParam, lParam);
}

在这个例子中,我们使用了 Windows API 的 Rectangle() 函数画出了一个正方形,并且在程序中响应了窗体大小的变化事件,使得正方形的位置和大小能够自适应。

二、图形变换

图形变换是指改变图形的位置、大小、形状和方向等属性,C++ 中可以使用平移矩阵、缩放矩阵和旋转矩阵进行变换操作。

下面是使用 OpenGL 绘制一个平移、缩放和旋转后的正方形的代码:

#include <GL/glut.h>

void display()
{
    glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);

    // 平移
    glTranslatef(-0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f);
    // 缩放
    glScalef(0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f);
    // 旋转
    glRotatef(45.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f);

    glBegin(GL_QUADS);
    glVertex2f(-1.0f, -1.0f);
    glVertex2f(1.0f, -1.0f);
    glVertex2f(1.0f, 1.0f);
    glVertex2f(-1.0f, 1.0f);
    glEnd();

    glFlush();
}

int main(int argc, char** argv)
{
    glutInit(&argc, argv);
    glutInitDisplayMode(GLUT_SINGLE | GLUT_RGB);
    glutInitWindowSize(400, 400);
    glutInitWindowPosition(100, 100);
    glutCreateWindow("Transform Square");
    glutDisplayFunc(display);
    glutMainLoop();

    return 0;
}

在这个例子中,我们使用了 OpenGL 的 glTranslatef()glScalef()glRotatef() 函数对正方形进行了平移、缩放和旋转操作。

三、2D绘图

2D 绘图是 C++ 程序中常用的操作之一,可以使用 Windows API 或者 OpenGL 进行绘图。

下面是使用 Windows API 绘制一个简单的 2D 图形的代码:

#include <windows.h>

LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND, UINT, WPARAM, LPARAM);

int WINAPI WinMain(HINSTANCE hInstance, HINSTANCE hPrevInstance,
    PSTR szCmdLine, int iCmdShow)
{
    static TCHAR szAppName[] = TEXT("Draw2D");
    HWND hwnd;
    MSG msg;
    WNDCLASS wndclass;

    wndclass.style = CS_HREDRAW | CS_VREDRAW;
    wndclass.lpfnWndProc = WndProc;
    wndclass.cbClsExtra = 0;
    wndclass.cbWndExtra = 0;
    wndclass.hInstance = hInstance;
    wndclass.hIcon = LoadIcon(NULL, IDI_APPLICATION);
    wndclass.hCursor = LoadCursor(NULL, IDC_ARROW);
    wndclass.hbrBackground = (HBRUSH)GetStockObject(WHITE_BRUSH);
    wndclass.lpszMenuName = NULL;
    wndclass.lpszClassName = szAppName;

    if (!RegisterClass(&wndclass))
    {
        MessageBox(NULL, TEXT("This program requires Windows NT!"),
            szAppName, MB_ICONERROR);
        return 0;
    }

    hwnd = CreateWindow(szAppName, TEXT("Draw 2D"),
        WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW,
        CW_USEDEFAULT, CW_USEDEFAULT,
        CW_USEDEFAULT, CW_USEDEFAULT,
        NULL, NULL, hInstance, NULL);

    ShowWindow(hwnd, iCmdShow);
    UpdateWindow(hwnd);

    while (GetMessage(&msg, NULL, 0, 0))
    {
        TranslateMessage(&msg);
        DispatchMessage(&msg);
    }

    return msg.wParam;
}

LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND hwnd, UINT message, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam)
{
    static int cxClient, cyClient;

    switch (message)
    {
    case WM_SIZE:
        cxClient = LOWORD(lParam);
        cyClient = HIWORD(lParam);
        return 0;

    case WM_PAINT:
    {
        HDC hdc;
        PAINTSTRUCT ps;
        RECT rect;

        hdc = BeginPaint(hwnd, &ps);

        GetClientRect(hwnd, &rect);

        HPEN hPen = CreatePen(PS_DOT, 1, RGB(255, 0, 0));
        HBRUSH hBrush = CreateSolidBrush(RGB(0, 0, 255));
        SelectObject(hdc, hPen);
        SelectObject(hdc, hBrush);

        Ellipse(hdc, cxClient / 4, cyClient / 4, 3 * cxClient / 4, 3 * cyClient / 4);

        DeleteObject(hPen);
        DeleteObject(hBrush);

        EndPaint(hwnd, &ps);
    }
    return 0;

    case WM_DESTROY:
        PostQuitMessage(0);
        return 0;
    }

    return DefWindowProc(hwnd, message, wParam, lParam);
}

在这个例子中,我们使用了 Windows API 的 Ellipse() 函数画出了一个圆形,并且在程序中使用了画笔和画刷进行了颜色的设置。

四、3D绘图

3D 绘图是 C++ 程序中比较高级的操作,可以使用 OpenGL 进行绘制。

下面是使用 OpenGL 绘制一个简单的 3D 场景的代码:

#include <GL/glut.h>

void display()
{
    glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);

    // 设定透视投影参数
    glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION);
    glLoadIdentity();
    gluPerspective(60.0, 1.0, 1.0, 100.0);

    // 摆放相机
    glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW);
    glLoadIdentity();
    gluLookAt(0.0, 0.0, 5.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0);

    // 绘制四面体
    glBegin(GL_TRIANGLES);
    glColor3f(1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
    glVertex3f(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f);
    glColor3f(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f);
    glVertex3f(-1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f);
    glColor3f(0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f);
    glVertex3f(1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f);

    glColor3f(1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
    glVertex3f(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f);
    glColor3f(0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f);
    glVertex3f(1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f);
    glColor3f(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f);
    glVertex3f(1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f);

    glColor3f(1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
    glVertex3f(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f);
    glColor3f(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f);
    glVertex3f(1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f);
    glColor3f(0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f);
    glVertex3f(-1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f);

    glColor3f(1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
    glVertex3f(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f);
    glColor3f(0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f);
    glVertex3f(-1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f);
    glColor3f(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f);
    glVertex3f(-1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f);
    glEnd();

    glFlush();
}

int main(int argc, char** argv)
{
    glutInit(&argc, argv);
    glutInitDisplayMode(GLUT_SINGLE | GLUT_RGB | GLUT_DEPTH);
    glutInitWindowSize(400, 400);
    glutInitWindowPosition(100, 100);
    glutCreateWindow("3D Scene");
    glutDisplayFunc(display);
    glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);
    glutMainLoop();

    return 0;
}

在这个例子中,我们使用了 OpenGL 的 gluPerspective()gluLookAt() 函数摆放相机,然后使用 glBegin()glEnd() 函数绘制了一个四面体。